Curcuma xanthorrhiza, a well-known traditional medicinal plant used in Malaysia and Indonesia, is commonly known with the local name 'temu lawak' or 'temu raya'. Phytochemical studies on Curcuma xanthorrhiza have afforded five compounds, namely a-curcumene (1), germacrone (2), zedorone (3), xanthorrhizol (4) and curcumin (5). The structures of these compounds were established using spectroscopic techniques. The cytotoxicity and antimicrobial tests were carried out on the crude extracts of Curcuma xanthorrhiza as well as isolated pure compounds. Ethyl acetate and methanol extracts showed very strong cytotoxic activity against T-Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia cells (CEM-SS) with IC₅₀ values of 2.8 and 3.7 µg/mL, respectively. All the extracts of Curcuma xanthorrhiza also exhibited strong and moderate activity against all the bacteria tested, while isolated compound curcumin showed moderate activity against Staphylococcus aureus.