The rapid development of fifth-generation (5G) wireless communication technology has increased data transmission speed, network capacity, and connectivity for modern digital systems. Unlike earlier mobile communication generations, 5G operates over a wider radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) spectrum, including sub-6 GHz frequencies and high-frequency millimeter waves. While 5G offers notable advantages, concerns have emerged about the potential biological and health effects linked to long-term RF-EMF exposure

This review investigates the current scientific evidence on interaction mechanism of 5G radiation with biological systems and its potential health implications. Key interaction mechanisms discussed include thermal absorption, dielectric interaction, oxidative stress generation, ion-channel modulation, and possible genotoxic effects. Experimental studies have shown biological responses such as oxidative stress, neurological changes, reproductive effects, cellular damage, and superficial tissue heating after RF exposure. However, the findings are inconsistent, and many effects have not been clearly demonstrated in realistic exposure situations.

The review also analyzes epidemiological and experimental evidence regarding neurological disorders, reproductive toxicity, DNA damage, and cancer risk. While some lab and animal studies suggest possible biological effects, large-scale human studies are limited and often inconclusive. There are still significant research gaps, including a lack of long-term studies, inconsistent dosimetry, insufficient examination of vulnerable populations, and no standardized experimental protocols.

Overall, current scientific evidence does not definitively show severe adverse health effects from 5G radiation within recommended exposure limits. However, more multidisciplinary research is needed to clarify the long-term biological and health implications of 5G RF-EMF exposure.